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Submit ReviewVerapamil hydrochloride
Description: CaV1.x blocker
Chemical Name: α-[3-[[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]methylamino]propyl]-3,4-dimethoxy-α-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetonitrile hydrochloride
Purity: ≥99% (HPLC)
Biological Activity for Verapamil hydrochloride
Verapamil hydrochloride is an L-type calcium channel blocker, anti-arrythmic, vasodilator and adrenergic antagonist. Induces autophagy by modulating cellular metabolism. Verapamil is a P-glycoprotein inhibitor and can reverse resistance to glucocorticoids and cancer treatments. Verapamil has been identified as targeting human host proteins that interact with SARS-CoV-2.
Scientific Data
Multiplex Immunoassay
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Pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes secrete Pro-BNP in response to small molecule-induction of cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the vasoconstrictor, ET-1 (Endothelin-1; Catalog # 1160), or one of two L-type calcium channel inhibitors, Doxorubicin (Catalog # 2252) or Verapamil (Catalog # 0654). Levels of the cardiac hypertrophy marker, Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Pro-BNP), were detected via Luminex® bead-based multiplex assay (Catalog # LXSAH). A substantial increase in Pro-BNP was detected in the medium of cardiomyocytes treated with ET-1, a known inducer of cardiac hypertrophy. Conversely, Doxorubicin and Verapamil decreased Pro-BNP secretion from cardiomyocytes.
Binding Activity
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Verapamil affects cardiomyocyte contraction rates. The effect of small molecules on cardiomyocyte contraction rate was assessed by monitoring intracellular calcium fluctuations, where an increase in calcium coincides with cardiomyocyte contraction. Cardiomyocytes were loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator, Fluo-4, prior to small molecule treatment. Individual wells were first monitored for baseline rates of calcium fluctuation represented as beats per minute (bpm). Verapamil (10uM or 30uM, Catalog # 0654), an L-type calcium channel blocker, decreased the rate of calcium fluctuations in cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner.
Technical Data for Verapamil hydrochloride
| M. Wt | 491.07 |
| Formula | C27H38N2O4.HCl |
| Storage | Store at RT |
| Purity | ≥99% (HPLC) |
| CAS Number | 152-11-4 |
| PubChem ID | 62969 |
| InChI Key | DOQPXTMNIUCOSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Smiles | Cl.COC1=CC=C(C=C1OC)C(CCCN(C)CCC1=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C1)(C#N)C(C)C |
The technical data provided above is for guidance only. For batch specific data refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
Tocris products are intended for laboratory research use only, unless stated otherwise.
Solubility Data for Verapamil hydrochloride
| Solvent | Max Conc. mg/mL | Max Conc. mM | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solubility | |||
| water | 24.55 | 50 | |
| DMSO | 24.55 | 50 |
Preparing Stock Solutions for Verapamil hydrochloride
The following data is based on the product molecular weight 491.07. Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.
| Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 mM | 4.07 mL | 20.36 mL | 40.73 mL |
| 2.5 mM | 0.81 mL | 4.07 mL | 8.15 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.41 mL | 2.04 mL | 4.07 mL |
| 25 mM | 0.08 mL | 0.41 mL | 0.81 mL |
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Product Datasheets for Verapamil hydrochloride
References for Verapamil hydrochloride
References are publications that support the biological activity of the product.
Ishibashi et al (1995) Block of P-type Ca2+ channels in freshly dissociated rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons by dilt. and vera. Brain Res. 695 88 PMID: 8574653
Lacinova et al (1995) Interaction of RO-40-5967 and vera. with the stably expressed α1-subunit of the cardiac L-type calcium channel. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 274 54 PMID: 7616442
Ustunes et al (1996) Effects of vera. on intimal thickening and vascular reactivity in the collared carotid artery of the rabbit. Br.J.Pharmacol. 118 1681 PMID: 8842432
Fleming et al (2011) Chemical modulators of autophagy as biological probes and potential therapeutics. Nat.Chem.Biol. 7 9 PMID: 21164513
Gordon et al (2020) A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature 583 PMID: 32353859
Kania et al (2017) Verapamil treatment induces cytoprotective autophagy by modulating cellular metabolism. FEBS J. 284 1370 PMID: 28342290
Taha et al (2021) P-glycoprotein inhibition with verapamil overcomes mometasone resistance in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps. Rhinology 59 205 PMID: 33459729
If you know of a relevant reference for Verapamil hydrochloride, please let us know.
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Keywords: Verapamil hydrochloride, Verapamil hydrochloride supplier, Ca2+, channel, blockers, L-type, Calcium, CaV, Channels, voltage-gated, voltage-dependent, vasodilator, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, severe, acute, respiratory, syndrome, Cav1.x, Autophagy, Coronavirus, 0654, Tocris Bioscience
11 Citations for Verapamil hydrochloride
Citations are publications that use Tocris products. Selected citations for Verapamil hydrochloride include:
Szikra et al (2009) Calcium homeostasis and cone signaling are regulated by interactions between calcium stores and plasma membrane ion channels. PLoS One 4 e6723 PMID: 19696927
Azab et al (2015) Binding of αherpesvirus Glycoprotein H to Surface α4β1-Integrins Activates Calcium-Signaling Pathways and Induces Phosphatidylserine Exposure on the Plasma Membrane. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 6 PMID: 26489864
Fransen et al (2015) Dissecting out the complex Ca2+-mediated phenylephrine-induced contractions of mouse aortic segments. Cereb Cortex 10 e0121634 PMID: 25803863
Dhillon et al (2013) Optimisation of embryonic and larval ECG measurement in zebrafish for quantifying the effect of QT prolonging drugs. PLoS One 8 e60552 PMID: 23579446
Bragança et al (2016) Ion Fluxes through KCa2 (SK) and Cav1 (L-type) Channels Contribute to Chronoselectivity of Adenosine A1 Receptor-Mediated Actions in Spontaneously Beating Rat Atria. Front Pharmacol 7 45 PMID: 27014060
Chang et al (2013) Areca nut-induced buccal mucosa fibroblast contraction and its signaling: a potential role in oral submucous fibrosis--a precancer condition. PLoS One 34 1096 PMID: 23349021
Xia et al (2011) Identification of quaternary ammonium compounds as potent inhibitors of hERG potassium channels. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 252 250 PMID: 21362439
Ferland et al (2017) Chemerin-induced arterial contraction is Gi- and calcium-dependent. Vascul Pharmacol 88 30 PMID: 27890480
Florea et al (2017) Calcium-regulatory proteins as modulators of chemotherapy in human neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 8 22876 PMID: 28206967
McKeithan et al (2017) An Automated Platform for Assessment of Congenital and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia with hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 8 766 PMID: 29075196
Wieland et al (2006) Efficient intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in human monocytes requires functional host cell L-type calcium channels. Carcinogenesis 47 296 PMID: 16831218
Do you know of a great paper that uses Verapamil hydrochloride from Tocris? Please let us know.
Reviews for Verapamil hydrochloride
Average Rating: 5 (Based on 1 Review.)
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Inhibits calcium influx.
By
Mohammad Alqudah on 10/19/2022
Assay Type: In Vitro
Species: Human
Used to inhibit calcium influx in an organ bath at 10 uM. Was dissolved in water. Good inhibition
