Sodium Channels

Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form a Na⁺ permeable pore through the plasma membrane and allow ion flux. There are two very different types of sodium channels: voltage-gated sodium channels (Na_V) and epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). Na_V are present in the membrane of most excitable cells and exist as heterodimers or heterotrimers of 1 α- and 1 or 2 β-subunits. ENaC are present in absorptive epithelia, such as the distal kidney tubule, alveolar epithelium and distal colon, and are responsible for sodium reabsorption. They exist as heterotetramers of α-, β- and γ-subunits, the predominant one being 2α:1β:1γ.

Location	Subtype	TTX Sensitive?	Conductance (pS)

Brain	I, II, IIA, III, VI	Yes	2.5-25
Skeletal muscle	μ1	Yes	2.5-25
Sympathetic ganglia	PN1	Yes	6.3-10.7
Heart	h1	No (IC₅₀ 6 μM)	2.5-25
Dorsal root ganglia	PN3/SNS	No (IC₅₀ ~ 60 μM)	3.4-6.3

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Calcium Imbalance and Neuroprotective Targets

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