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G Proteins (Small)

Supporting information

Small G proteins (small GTPases) are homologous to G_α proteins and are often referred to as the Ras proto-oncogene superfamily. The Ras superfamily contains over 100 small GTPases grouped into eight families; Ras, Rho, Rab, Rap, Arf, Ran, Rheb and Rad. Small GTPases regulate a wide variety of processes in the cell, including growth, differentiation, movement and lipid vesicle transport.

Like G_α proteins, small GTPases alternate between an 'on' state (bound to GTP) and an 'off' state (bound to GDP). This cyclic process requires guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Small GTPases are the downstream effectors of most receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and are linked via two proteins, GRB2 and SOS. They are coupled to intracellular signaling cascades including the MAPK pathway, through interactions with Raf kinase. Normally, activation of small GTPases is induced by ligand binding to a RTK. In many transformed cells activating mutations of GTPases, often Ras, produce a cellular response in the absence of a ligand, thus promoting malignant progression.

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Gene	Species	Gene Symbol	Gene Accession No.	Protein Accession No.

H-Ras	Human	HRAS	NM_176795	P01112
	Mouse	Hras1	NM_001130444	Q61411
	Rat	Hras	NM_001098241	P20171
K-Ras	Human	KRAS	NM_033360	P01116
	Mouse	Kras	NM_021284	P32883
	Rat	Kras	NM_031515	P08644
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Literature for G Proteins (Small)

Cancer Research Guide

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